Chapter 1: Introduction to Proteins

The human body is composed of a vast array of proteins, estimated to range from 80,000 to 400,000 different types, each serving distinct roles. These proteins are produced through the activity of specific genes encoded in our DNA. Proteins are essentially long chains of amino acids, while shorter chains are referred to as peptides.

A critical inquiry regarding protein production is whether we can maintain their functionality over time. For instance, hemoglobin in our blood is responsible for oxygen transportation from the lungs to body cells. It is vital for hemoglobin to function effectively; however, individuals with diabetes often have elevated HbA1c levels, which impair this oxygen transport mechanism. This occurs when excess glucose interacts with hemoglobin, altering its structure and affecting its capacity to bind to oxygen.

Why Diabetics Are Likely To Face Future Issues With Limb Amputations. We must consider these downstream effects for a deeper understanding.

In addition, amino acids within the protein chains can interact, leading to specific folding patterns. A prime example is keratin in hair, where disulfide bonds can cause curls. In contrast, straighter hair has fewer such bonds. When exposed to heat or changes in pH, proteins can refold into a more stable form, and under extreme conditions, they may undergo irreversible denaturation.

Take the example of cooking an egg white: raw egg whites are clear and liquid, while cooked egg whites become opaque and solid. This change is often debated in terms of permanence. While proteins need precise folding to function correctly, a healthy body typically maintains this configuration. Even if some proteins denature, a cleanup mechanism exists to remove dysfunctional proteins before they accumulate.

However, in Alzheimer's disease, we see the aggregation of amyloid beta and tau proteins. These misfolded proteins accumulate similarly to scum forming in a broth when cooking meat, creating barriers that disrupt essential biochemical processes in the brain. The buildup of tau proteins can inhibit critical functions and exacerbate oxidative stress and inflammation, contributing to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline.

Inflammation — A Double-Edged Sword. An imbalance in inflammation can lead to adverse outcomes, with both excess and deficiency posing risks.

This raises the question of whether antioxidants can mitigate Alzheimer's effects, as oxidative stress impacts brain cells. Antioxidants produced within our cells may offer some defense against this stress.

Antioxidant Protection In The Body Begins From Within The Cell. Our bodies are capable of generating their own antioxidants.

It is essential to recognize that antioxidants alone are not a panacea; other factors, such as chronic stress, can exacerbate inflammation and increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases.

The Unwanted Biochemistry Behind The Stress Response Chronic stress can accelerate the onset of neurodegenerative conditions.

Lifestyle choices significantly influence this scenario. Adopting better sleep patterns and maintaining a balanced diet can play pivotal roles.

The Glutamate-GABA Balance Is One Of Those Things That Affects How Well Our Brain Can Rest. These two chemicals interact to determine brain function and relaxation.

Explore 12 Brain Boosting Nutrients And How They Work For Supporting Brain Health to learn how dietary choices can support cognitive function.

Chapter 2: The Science of Alzheimer’s and Protein Misfolding

This video discusses the role of misfolded proteins in conditions like dementia and heart failure, highlighting recent research and potential interventions.

In this TEDx talk, David Pincus explains the connection between cancer, Alzheimer’s, and protein origami, emphasizing the importance of understanding protein structures.